A History of Secret Human Experimentation
Source: Health News Network
1931 - Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human
subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S.
Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and
is named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins
a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and
civilian hospital patients.
1932 - The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men
diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied
treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to
follow the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all
subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they
could have been treated.
1935 - The Pellagra Incident. After millions of
individuals die from Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S.
Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director
of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra
is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the
deaths occured within poverty-striken black populations.
1940 - Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected
with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental
drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg
cite this American study to defend their own actions during the
Holocaust.
1942 - Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas
experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments
continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose
to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.
1943 - In response to Japan’s full-scale germ warfare
program, the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort
Detrick, MD.
1944 - U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks
and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to
mustard gas and lewisite.
1945 - Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State
Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and
offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top
secret government projects in the United States.
1945 - "Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the
health effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in
atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man,
fluoride, it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central
nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name of
national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
full-scale production of atomic bombs.
1946 - Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs
for medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is
given to change the word "experiments" to "investigations" or
"observations" whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of
the nation’s veteran’s hospitals.
1947 - Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic
Energy Comission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January
8, 1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous
doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.
1947 - The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential
weapon for use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian
and military) are used with and without their knowledge.
1950 - Department of Defense begins plans to detonate
nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for
medical problems and mortality rates.
1950 - I n an experiment to determine how susceptible an
American city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a
cloud of bacteria from ships over San Franciso. Monitoring devices are
situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection.
Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951 - Department of Defense begins open air tests using
disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and
there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been
exposed.
1953 - U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium
sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the
Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their
intent is to determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical
agents.
1953 - Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in
which tens of thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are
exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus
glogigii.
1953 - CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven
year research program designed to produce and test drugs and
biological agents that would be used for mind control and behavior
modification. Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on
unwitting human beings.
1955 - The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to
infect human populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria
withdrawn from the Army’s biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay,
Fl.
1955 - Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research,
studying its potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More
than 1,000 Americans participate in the tests, which continue until
1958.
1956 - U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with
Yellow Fever over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test,
Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for
effects.
1958 - LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army’s
Chemical Warfare Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
1960 - The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for
Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the
Far East. Testing of the european population is code named Project
THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population is code named Project
DERBY HAT.
1965 - Project CIA and Department of Defense begin
Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability to manipulate
human behavior through the use of mind-altering drugs.
1965 - Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in
Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical
component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied
for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been
a suspected carcinogen all along.
1966 - CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test
the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
1966 - U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant
niger throughout the New York City subway system. More than a million
civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with
the bacteria onto ventilation grates.
1967 - CIA and Department of Defense implement Project
MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and
test biological and chemical weapons.
1968 - CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning
drinking water by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA
in Washington, D.C.
1969 - Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense
requests from congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a
synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.
1970 - Funding for the synthetic biological agent is
obtained under H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the
CIA, is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort
Detrick, the army’s top secret biological weapons facility.
Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to
produce AIDS-like retroviruses.
1970 - United States intensifies its development of
"ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to
selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are
susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.
1975 - The virus section of Fort Detrick’s Center for
Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research
Facilities and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer
Institute (NCI) . It is here that a special virus cancer program is
initiated by the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing
viruses. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to
which no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell
Leukemia Virus).
1977 - Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research
confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological
agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San
Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and
St. Louis.
1978 - Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials,
conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San
Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous
homosexual men.
1981 - First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual
men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation
that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
1985 - According to the journal Science (227:173-177),
HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a
close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.
1986 - According to the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar
and share all structural elements, except for a small segment which is
nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and
VISNA may have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no
natural immunity exists.
1986 - A report to Congress reveals that the U.S.
Government’s current generation of biological agents includes:
modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are
altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character
and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.
1987 - Department of Defense admits that, despite a
treaty banning research and development of biological agents, it
continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and
universities around the nation.
1990 - More than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic
babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that
had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits
that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to
their children was experimental.
1994 - With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr.
Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX
discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with
an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in
the production of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular
structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it
had been man-made.
1994 - Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report
revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has
used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments
and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials
included mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals,
hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War .
1995 - U.S. Government admits that it had offered
Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical
experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for
data on biological warfare research.
1995 - Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the
biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in
Houston, TX and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas
Department of Corrections.
1996 - Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm
soldiers were exposed to chemical agents.
1997 - Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter
demanding an investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
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